International Journal of

Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

International Journal of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

Vol. 1(3) August 2013

NOVEL AVIAN INFLUENZA H7N9 VIRUS PANDEMIC THREAT IN CHINA: A REVIEW

Tunio Muhammad Tarique, Shuming Yang, Zubair Mohsina, Jing Qiu, Yan Zhao, Gang Chen, Yu Chow1 and Ailliang Chen

Page No: 1-12

Outbreaks of H7N9 avian influenza in human in 5 provinces and 2 municipalities of China have reawakened concern that avian influenza viruses may again cross species barriers to infect the human and poultry population and thereby initiate a new influenza pandemic threat. Evolutionary analysis showed that human H7N9 influenza viruses originated from H9N2, H7N3 and H11N9 virus of avian and was identified to be a novel reassortment influenza virus. A avian influenza infections have caused heavy economic losses to the poultry industry in China as well as numerous other regions worldwide. A novel Avian Influenza (H7N9) are among the most prominent viruses affecting animal and public health. Based on data this review provides information on the current situation regarding the avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak in China. However, at present, no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission were observed. In this review article, therefore, an attempt has been made to summarize the latest available studies and findings to serve as the scientific basis to inform technical briefing to public health authorities and others involved in pandemic influenza planning and that are also interesting to the general public. Public health authorities and clinicians need to be aware of surveillance guidance and laboratory testing needs to be made available. A comprehensive human and veterinary surveillance strategy is needed to detect extension of the infection towards China.

STORAGE STABILITY AND FUNCTIONALITY OF MODIFIED CEREAL FLOURS

Savita Sharma, Gurkirat Kaur and Baljit Singh

Page No: 13-23

Modified cereal flour has a potential to be utilized as an additive in various food products. Extrusion processing is a promising technique for modification of starch present in cereal flours. The objective of the present work was to study the storage stability on the quality parameters of developed modified cereal flours and to assess the functionality of modified cereal flour prepared in combination from rice and wheat (50:50) as an additive on the quality of various food products. Moisture content, water activity and free fatty acids remained under acceptable limits during entire storage period. Different products (Pudding, salad dressing and soup) were prepared by incorporating modified flour to the basic raw material at varying levels and analyzed for their optimum quality and sensory parameters. Results showed that the products prepared with modified flour as an additive showed better quality parameters and overall acceptability score as compared to the control.

ESTIMATION OF PHENOL CONTENTS IN GLYCIRRHIZA GLABRA BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

V Ranganathan and N Punniamurthy

Page No: 24-27

The medicinal plant viz., Glycirrhiza glabra has been shown to have antioxidant and aphrodisiac effects in common and their effects have been shown to be attributed to their phytochemical constituent, namely, phenols. However, this plant, used for the estimation of phenol contents so far have been resourced from places other than Thanjavur district and very few works have been carried out on these aspects from Southern part of India. Hence, the present study has been undertaken to estimate the total phenolic content of Glycirrhiza glabra obtained from Thanjavur district by Thin Layer Chromatography and spectrophotometry. The qualitative phytochemistry of the plant was also assessed. The results obtained in the present work suggest that the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra are good sources of healthy phytochemicals, especially phenolics.

STUDY ON THE DRAUGHTABILITY OF CROSSBRED BULLOCKS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING WORK PERFORMANCE

Brijesh Singh, A K Mishra and S Nanavati

Page No: 28-32

The study was conducted for evaluation of draughtability of crossbred bullocks. A total of 4 crossbred bullocks, aged between 5 to 8 years were evaluated for draught performance. The draughtability of the bullocks was measured by estimating Overall Draught Ability (ODA) as per the method described by Thomas (1996) using modified single animal pneumatic-tyred cart (for carting ability) and single animal plough (for ploughing ability). The ODA value of 4 crossbred bullocks ranged from 55.13 to 61.04 with an average of 57.54 ±1.36. There was a significant (P< 0.01) increase in all the three physiological parameter as compared to their pre-work values. The findings indicate that after the completion of work, PCV, Hb and TEC decreased significantly (P<0.05) and TLC increased significantly (P<0.01).

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF CONCENTRATE MIXTURE ON GROWTH RATE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS IN GRAZING RAM LAMBS

Venkateswarlu Malisetty

Page No: 33-38

On-farm experiment was conducted in grazing native ram lambs in Mahabubnagar district of Andhra Pradesh, India by supplementing the concentrate mixture to assess the gain and meat parameters. 500 ram lambs were selected from farmers and grouped in to two, first group (TTreatment) animals (n=450) were supplemented the concentrate @ 1.0% body weight after 8 hours daily traditional grazing in open areas and second group (C-Control) animals (n=50) were maintained solely on grazing for a period of four months. Results revealed that, the weight gain (kg) and ADG (g) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in grazing ram lambs supplemented with concentrate compared to those maintained on grazing only. The extra weight gain in ram lambs supplemented with concentrate was 3.82 kg, with a cost benefit ratio of 1:2.08. The carcass weight (P<0.01) and dressing percentage on slaughter weight basis (P<0.05) were also significantly higher in grazing ram lambs supplemented with concentrate than those maintained on grazing only. Based on results it concluded that, supplementation of concentrate at 1.0 per cent body weight would be economical for obtaining optimum growth and carcass weight and dressing percentage in grazing ram lambs than sole grazing.

EFFECT OF ENZYMES AND LIVER TONIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF QUAILS FED PROCESSED KARANJ (PONGAMIA GLABRA VENT) CAKE

Krishna D, Nagaraja Kumari K and Nagarjuna B V R

Page No: 39-46

An experiment was undertaken to evaluate the response of quails feeding with Maize-soya based diet, 6% Solvent extracted Karanj Cake(SKC) and 6% Iso Propyl Alcohol (IPA) treated karanj cake with or without supplementation of protease/phytase/liver tonic through a 3 x 4 factorial design. Feeding trail was conducted in a total of 720 quail birds for a period of 4 weeks and each diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 10 birds each. Data on Body Weight Gains (BWG), Feed Consumption (FC) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was recorded on weekly interval and analyzed by using multivariance test. BWG and FCR of quails were significantly (P < 0.01) better at 6% IPA than that of 6% SKC in diet during the experimental period. FC was significantly lower in SKC incorporated diet than IPA. Birds fed on diets supplemented with protease (4000U/ kg) showed significantly improved BWG, less FC, better FCR, followed by phytase (400U/kg), and liver tonic (0.1%) irrespective of extraction methods. Based on the above results it is concluded that a dietary combination of IPA extracted karanj cake with protease was found to be adequate to obtain optimum production in quails.

MARKET INTEGRATION OF THE MALAYSIAN POULTRY INDUSTRY: A BOUND TESTING APPROACH TO CO-INTEGRATION

Umar A M, Zainalabidin M, Mad Nasir S and Ismail A

Page No: 47-58

This paper examines market integration by analyzing transmission of price among spatially separated regional wholesale poultry markets in Peninsular Malaysia. Short-run and long-run relationship of wholesale price among regional markets was examined using bound testing approach to co-integration and error correction models. The statistics follows the procedure of Wald or F-statistics in a generalized Dickey-Fuller regression, which is used to test the significance of lagged levels of the variables in a conditional unrestricted Equilibrium Correction Model (ECM). Based on Wald or F-test results of the jointly lag wholesale regional market prices, there exist co-integration among the price series. The value of the F-statistics (4.176) is greater than the upper bound critical values (3.67) at 5% significance level and also significant. Therefore, a long-run equilibrium relationship was found to exist between the regional markets. Results of the pair-wise Granger-causality between regional wholesale markets indicate bidirectional causality between central as terminal market and East-coast market. There is unidirectional South region Granger-cause central wholesale market price like-wise North region market Granger-cause Central market but not on the other direction.

A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF SPIROCERCOSIS IN DOGS IN CERTAIN PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA

Ch. JyothiSree and Md. Hafeez

Page No: 59-66

Prevalence of Spirocercosis in Dogs were recorded based on faecal sample examination and post mortem examination in five different places of Andhra Pradesh with relation to age, sex ,breed and season. A total of 562 dogs were examined for this study. Based on faecal sample examination, the over all per cent prevalence of spirocercosis in dogs was 3.02. Among the different (5) places of Andhra Pradesh under this study the prevalence was more in Hyderabad (5.45%) followed by Tirupati (3.6%), Ongole (2%), Kurnool (1.75%) and Guntur (0%). The incidence of spirocercosis based on post mortem examination was 10 per cent at Tirupati. Age wise prevalence of spirocercosis was more in 1-5 years age group (3.83%) followed by above 5 years age group (2.64%). The occurrence was more in males (3.30%) than females (2.70%). Among breed wise the prevalence was more in Mongrel (5.92%) followed by German shepherd (4.09%) and in Pomeranians (1.57%). Highest reports were recorded in Winter season (5.91%) followed by Rainy season (2.12%) and least in Summer season (1.06%).

INCIDENCE OF PRE AND POSTPARTUM COMPLICATIONS IN FRIESWAL COW

Madhu Shivhare, A K Mishra and V K Gupta

Page No: 67-72

Reproductive problems in cattle are of significant economic concern in dairy farming. Maximizing reproductive efficiency is the goal in dairy herds for better economics returns. So, to assess the incidence of pre and post partum complications calving records maintained at Military dairy farm, Mhow were scanned. A Total of 787 calvings were on record for a period of 5 years (April 2008 - April 2012). The occurrence of pre partum complications was highest (16.66%) in the year 2011-12 and lowest (9.17%) in year 2010-11, whereas the occurrence of postpartum complications was highest (48.89%) in the year 2010-11 and lowest in (38.89%) in year 2011- 12. Season wise occurrences were maximum in summer (prepartum 39.60% and postpartum 51.98%) and minimum in spring (prepartum 8.6% and Postpartum 30.96%). In primiparous cows the prepartum complications were 24.06% and postpartum complications 14.97% whereas in 2nd parity they were 22.44% and 12.92%; in 3rd parity, 22.50% and 14.16% respectively. The pre-partum complications reached to maximum (34.90%) in 4th parity. Postpartum complications were maximum (25.53%) in 7th and above parity. Maximum incidence of prepartum complications (36.67%) occurred in 271-280 days gestation length group, which is obvious (25.00%) Minimum in more than 280 days gestation length group while postpartum complications maximum (35.15%) in more than 280 days gestation length group and minimum (24.12) in less than 270 days gestation length group.

MANAGEMENT OF BURROWING NEMATODE (RADOPHOLUS SIMILIS) IN BANANA CV. RAJAPURI (MUSA AAB)

Thammaiah N and Shirol A M

Page No: 73-81

An Experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 and 2010-2011 at KRC College of Horticulture, Arabhavi UHS, Bagalkot. Results revealed that, the treatment carbofuran @ 40g/plant effectively reduced the nematode population followed by neem cake @500 g/plant, press mud @ 5 kg/ plant and growing Tagetus around the basin. The root necrosis was lowest (18.47%) in the treatment of carbofuran @ 40 g/plant followed by neem cake @ 500 g/plant (23.11%) and press mud @ 5 kg/plant (24.80%). The plant height was highest in the treatment of growing Tagetus around the basin (1.67 m) followed by press mud (1.65 m). With regard to yield, the highest yield (28.71 t/ha) was obtained in the treatment of carbofuran @ 40g/plant followed by neem cake (26.55 t/ha) and press mud (25.31 t/ha).The B/C ratio was more in the treatment of press mud (5.41) followed by carbofuran (5.17), growing Tagetus around the basin (4.87) and neem cake (4.63).

EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF CAESALPINIA SAPPAN ON PRESERVATION OF CHICKEN MEAT

Venkatasai Kumar T, Eswara Prasad P, Padmaja K and Jagadeesh Babu A

Page No: 82-87

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Caesalpinia sappan. Chicken meat samples obtained from local retail market were treated with methanolic extracts of C.sappan alone and in combination with antibiotic (Chlortetracycline), acetic acid and chlorinated water to study the antioxidant effect and reduction in the surface microflora. Various parameters like pH, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), Peroxide value, Free Fatty Acids (FFA), Standard Plate count, Yeast and mould count, Psychrophilic counts, Coliform count, MRSA and Salmonella counts were evaluated. It was observed that methanolic extract of C. sappan and methanolic extract of C. sappan with antibiotic significantly exhibited beneficial effects on preservation of meat as compared to other conventional treatments.

NEWER HAEMOSTATS IN CANINE PRACTICE

Rai Somil and Garg Sweta

Page No: 88-94

Systemic haemostatic agents play an important role in the management of blood loss during major surgery while a significant blood loss may take place; this intraoperative bleeding is controlled using standard surgical techniques and electrocautery with the adjunctive use of topical hemostatic agents. In recent literature, many technical methods have been introduced for controlling bleeding. A variety of local haemostatic agents is now available to stop troublesome bleeding. These agents are indicated for use during surgical interventions where conventional methods of haemostasis are not applicable because of the site of surgery or the degree of bleeding.

MANAGEMENT OF SIGATOKA LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF BANANA WITH OIL BASED FORMULATIONS

Thammaiah N and Shirol A M

Page No: 95-105

Results revealed that three sprays of propiconazole 0.05%+ petroleum based mineral oil 1% effectively controlled the Sigatoka leaf spot disease. The next best treatments were propiconazole o.1% and mancozeb 0.25%, carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim +Calixin 0.1% and Propiconazole 0.1%. The youngest leaf spotted was 10.62 in the treatment of propiconazole 0.05%+ petroleum based mineral oil 1% and 10.69 youngest leaf spotted (YLS) in the treatment of propiconazole o.1%. With regard to yield, The highest yield of 72.39 t/ha was recorded in the treatment of propiconazole 0.1% followed by propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (72.28 t/ha), mancozeb 0.25% carbendazim 0.1%, carbendazim + calxin 0.1% and propiconazole 0.1% (65.62 t/ha) and it was lowest in the untreated check (48.74 t/ha). The B/C ratio was more (8.69) in the treatment of propiconazole 0.05% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% followed by propiconazole 0.1% (8.56), petroleum based mineral oil 1% (7.51) and mancozeb 0.125% + petroleum based mineral oil 1% (7.38).

TRICHODERMA: A BIOLOGICAL WEAPON FOR MANAGING PLANT DISEASES AND PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY

Sanjeev Kumar

Page No: 106-121

Trichoderma is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi that is present in all types of soils. Recent discoveries show that they are opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts, as well as being parasites of other fungi. At least some strains establish robust and long-lasting colonizations of root surfaces and penetrate into the epidermis and a few cells below this level. They produce or release a variety of compounds that induce localized or systemic resistance responses. These rootmicroorganism associations cause substantial changes to the plant proteome and metabolism. Plants are protected from numerous classes of plant pathogen by responses that are similar to systemic acquired resistance and rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma spp. also frequently enhances root growth and development, crop productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses and the uptake and use of nutrients. As most of the crops are infected by the soil borne plant pathogens that primarily attack the vulnerable seeds or seedlings, the Trichoderma can be applied directly to target area, i.e., to seeds or seedlings and a single application using an existing delivery system (seed treatment, biopriming, furrow treatment) can significantly reduce crop losses. A number of successful products based on different species of Trichoderma have been commercialized in India and elsewhere. Whatever the limitations these Trichoderma products may have, it can be addressed by enhancing biocontrol through manipulation of the environment, accurate strain identification by molecular approach, using mixtures of beneficial organisms, physiological and genetic enhancement of biocontrol mechanisms, and manipulation of formulations. In some instances, other alternative methods that alone do not provide adequate protection may be integrated with application of biocontrol agents to provide additive or synergistic effects. This review tries to present the approaches adopted by researcher all over the world.

ORGANIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN CHILLIES – BENGAL GRAM – BABY CORN SEQUENCE

K Siddeswaran and P M Shanmugam

Page No: 122-126

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the year 2008-09 to 2010-11 to evaluate the performance of different organic farming packages for high value cropping system, viz., chillies – bengal gram – baby corn. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with four replications. The results revealed that the combination of both organics and inorganics (50% each) resulted higher net returns and B:C ratio (2.95) due to the less cost involved in nutrient application compared with different organic farming packages. Among the different organic farming packages, 100% N as EFYM + neem cake + bio compost registered higher net returns with B:C ratio (2.50).

SERUM BIO-CHEMICAL PROFILES OF CROSS-BRED PIGS DURING DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE PHASES

K Venkataramana, K.Venugopal Naidu, N.Rajanna and K Supriya

Page No: 127-130

A study was carried out to assess and compare selected biochemical parameters in blood plasma of 18 crossbred sows (Large white Yorkshire x Indigenous) during different phases of reproduction. There was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased level of total glucose was found in anoestrus pigs than in cyclic pigs, i.e., 83.5+2.22, 90.68+3.11 and 72.8+3.66 mg% during midoestrus, luteal and in anoestrus phases, respectively. The mean serum total proteins in crossbred pigs were observed to be 6.31+0.35, 6.05+0.17 and 6.04+0.17 g% during mid-oestrusm luteal and anoestrum phases respectively and the differences were non significant (P < 0.01).However a significant (P < 0.01) lower levels of total lipids and total cholesterols were recorded during anoestrus than during mid-oestrus and oestrus phases, respectively.

ANALYSIS OF SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

K Ananda Rao, K Sarjan Rao, S Jagadeeswara Rao, A Ravi and A Anitha

Page No: 131-144

Detailed survey was conducted to analyze the sheep production systems of North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted on 960 sheep farmers, 320 each from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts using stratified random sampling techniques (3 districts x 2 divisions x 4 mandals x 4 villages x 10 farmers = 960). The socioeconomic status of sheep farmers revealed that agriculture (69.06%) was main occupation and most of them belong to backward community (75.31%). The housing practices revealed that sheep were provided penning only during night time (88.75%). Sheep manure was stored by open method (88.02%). The mean grazing time (h) and grazing distance (km) of sheep was 8.48±0.06 and 6.02±0.17 in summer and 6.08±0.05 and 3.78±0.03 in other seasonal period of the year, respectively. Almost half of the farmers (47.39%) dewormed sheep at every 6 months interval. The sheep flocks were vaccinated mainly against Enterotoxaemia (87.60%) and foot and mouth disease (71.87%). The study on the reproductive performance of sheep indicated that the percent lambing, twinning and weaning were 81.33±0.26, 0.48±0.04 and 85.53±0.16, respectively. The mean age at first mating was 12.85±0.10 and 21.17±0.07 in ewes and rams, respectively. The mean body weight (kg) at weaning, 6 months, one year and above one year age were 8.96±0.14, 16.05±0.12, 20.39±0.16 and 26.31±0.15 for ewe lambs and 10.10±0.11, 15.48±0.09, 26.01±0.30 and 40.43±0.26, respectively for ram lambs. The study revealed existence of 16 traditional migratory tracts. The mean duration and distance of migration of the 16 sheep flocks were 181.25±0.63 days and 75.87±0.78 km, respectively. The major problems during migration included disease outbreaks (85.95%) and lack of veterinary facilities (83.81%).

EVALUATION OF ANTITUMOR PROPERTIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF GREEN TEA AGAINST DALTONS ASCITES LYMPHOMA CELLS

Geetha B and Santhy K S

Page No: 145-151

In the present investigation the efficacy of Methanol Extract of Green Tea (MEGT) on the antioxidant and histological parameters of DAL cell lines was evaluated. The antioxidant assay was performed with liver tissue and evaluation was carried out by measuring the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the amount of enzymatic (SOD, Catalase, GSH and GPx) antioxidant systems. In DAL bearing mice the level of LPO was significantly elevated. Treatment with MEGT was found to reduce the level near to normal values.This reflects the decrease in free radical production and the subsequent reduction in oxidative stress. Similarly MEGT at different doses increased the Catalase levels in a dose dependent manner, which along with the restoration of LPO and GSH content to near normal levels indicates the antioxidant property of MEGT. Histological examination of the liver tissue under the light microscope showed the effects of MEGT on the structural integrity of the cells. The liver of normal animals showed normal histological appearance with normal architecture, whereas in DAL control mice, a cluster of atypical cells with dark nucleus were observed in the hepatic parenchyma. The animals treated with MEGT exhibited almost normal histological appearance of liver as in the case of normal control mice showing the hepatoprotective activity of green tea against DAL cells.