International Journal of

Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

International Journal of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

Vol. 2(3) August 2014

ACUTE POST PARTURIENT HAEMOGLOBINURIA IN A CROSS BRED DAIRY COW

Senthil Kumar A, Sri Balaji N and Uma Rani R

Page No: 1-3

Post parturient hemoglobinuria being a production disease not only drastically reduces milk production but also causes great losses in term of mortality and high expenses of treatment. A pluriparous dairy cow was referred with a history of coffee colored urine, reduced appetite, reduction in milk yield and pica from 10 days post calving. Based on clinical observation and laboratory findings the case was as diagnosed as an acute post parturient haemoglobinuria. The animal was treated with inj. Toldimfas sodium 20% 30 ml i/v, for 3 days, Inj. Multivitamin for 5 days and Dicalcium Phosphate 60 g orally for 15 days and the animal showed complete recovery on sixth day.

PREVALENCE OF TICK INFESTATION IN GOATS UNDER DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT

Soundararajan C, Latha B R and Serma Saravana Pandian

Page No: 4-9

The prevalence of tick infestation and their predilection sites was studied in goats (non-descript, Kanni and Boer x non-descript crossbred) under different system of management at Livestock Research Station, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. The ticks were recovered only on the goats under semi-intensive system (100%) whereas the goats under intensive system were free from the tick infestation. The most abundant species found in this study wereHaemaphysalis bispinosa (100%), Hyalomma marginatum isaaci (7.29%), Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides (3.13%) and H.anatolicum anatolicum (2.08%). Among the infested goats, females were heavily infested (78.64%) than the males (51.52%). Among the age groups, the hogget animals were heavily infested (83.87%) followed by adults (71.43%). Among the breeds, non-descript goats were heavily infested (94.29%) followed by Kanni goats (90.91%) and Boer x non-descript cross breeds (51.56%). Ticks were located mostly on the ears (69.79%) than the other parts of the body (30.21%).

CASE OF RECTAL PROLAPSE WITH INTUSSUSCEPTION IN A PUP

Manjunatha D R, Mahesh V and Ranganath L

Page No: 10-12

Intussusception is the telescoping or invagination of one intestinal segment into the lumen of an adjacent segment and it commonly seen in young dogs, most of the intussusception is associated with rectal prolapse. Intussusception is seen more commonly in puppies carrying large numbers of intestinal parasites or viral or bacterial gastroenteritis. Diagnosis is usually tentatively made based on the symptoms and the palpation of a firm sausage-shaped mass in the abdomen. Diagnosis is confirmed with x-rays (usually using barium) and possibly exploratory surgery. Treatment consists of either surgically sliding the telescoping portion of the intestine apart or complete surgical removal of the intussusception. In present case surgical management of rectal prolapse associated with jejuno-ileal intussusception in a German shepherd pup was reported.

DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CHOLECYSTITIS IN DOGS

K Satish Kumar and D Srikala

Page No: 13-15

A male Labrador retriever of 8 years presented with the signs anorexia, persistent vomiting since a couple of weeks and going down in condition was ultrasonographically diagnosed for cholecystitis. Dull and depression with poor physical condition, moderate dehydration, icterus were the significant clinical signs. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia and elevated ALP, serum bilurubin but with normal ALT, BUN and creatinine were the hemato-biochemical findings. Ultrasonographic examination of liver parenchyma showed normal echogenecity, but the gall bladder wall was symmetrically thickened and filled with sludge which appeared as uniform echogenic sediment. Treatment with enrofloxacin, 10 mg/kg, im, bid for 14 days, ursodeoxycholic acid, tricholine citrate and sorbiline, orally for two weeks along with metaclopamide, ranitidine and DNS for 3 days showed complete recovery.

LAMENESS DUE TO TICK INFESTATION IN SHEEP

Soundararajan C, Muthukrishnan S and Latha B R

Page No: 16-17

A total of 450 Madras red sheep were examined for lameness at Livestock Research Station, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu for a period of 3 years from April 2004 to March 2007. Out of these, 98 animals had lameness in which only one animal had two engorged ticks in the inter digital space of right hind limb. The ticks were identified as Hyalomma marginatum isaaci.

INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STUDIES IN CARNATION (DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS L.) CV. SOTO UNDER PROTECTED CONDITION

Basavaraj Dalawai and B Hemla Naik

Page No: 18-24

Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) are immediately recognizable flowers and possess a charm and allure that continues to captivate people around the globe. In fact, in many parts of the world, the popularity of Carnations surpasses that of any other flower including Roses. The study was conducted with 11 treatment combinations including RDF as check to find out the best integrated nutrient approach for carnation production under low cost protected structure at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2011-12. A treatment combination of Azospirillum (60 g/m2), PSB (60 g/m2), FYM (2 kg/ m2) and, vermicompost (500 g/m2) along with 75% RDF recorded higher growth parameters and the quality traits of cut flower yield in Carnation cv. Soto.The results on growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, plant spread, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, intermodal length, dry matter production and chlorophyll content were found maximum and statistically significant values in the treatment combination of Azospirillum (60 g/m2), PSB (60 g/m2), FYM (2 kg/m2), vermicompost (500 g/m2) along with 75% RDF compared to 100% RDF. Similarly the flowering and floral traits, viz., flower bud development and opening, days for 50 % flowering, flower stalk length and girth, flower length, flower weight along with stalk, flower bud and diameter, maximum number of cut flowers per plant and per square meter, lesser susceptibility to insect pests and diseases and ultimately it has resulted in maximum net returns (Rs. 3,75,224) with a BCR of 2.91 as well as vase life were also found maximum and significant difference by the same treatment compared to other treatment combinations studied including check.

STUDY ON MORTALITY PATTERN OF MADRAS RED SHEEP UNDER SEMI ARID TROPIC REGION

Soundararajan C

Page No: 25-30

Mortality pattern in Madras Red sheep was studied for the period from 1995 to 2005. The overall mortality rate was 4.96% and it ranged between 2.85 and 10.59%. The pre and post weaning mortality was 27.89 and 72.11%, respectively. The mortality rate was higher in adult (50.26%) than the weaners (23.56%), lambs (13.87%) and hoggets (12.30%). Maximum mortality was observed during summer season (45.55%) followed by winter (37.43%), the northeast monsoon (10.47%) and the southwest monsoon (6.54%). Alimentary system disorder (30.10%) was the major cause of death in sheep followed by respiratory system disorders (21.99%).

CONSTRAINTS IN GOAT HUSBANDRY PRACTICES BY GOAT OWNERS IN NAVSARI DISTRICT OF GUJARAT

G P Sabapara, L M Sorthiya and V B Kharadi

Page No: 31-36

The present study was undertaken to investigate the constraints faced by goat owners in Navsari district of Gujarat. Data collected from 250 goat owners revealed that marketing was the main constraint (85.30%) followed by feeding, healthcare, breeding and housing as 84.80, 77.04, 76.00 and 74.64% faced by goat owners, respectively. The main constraints regarding marketing were lace of marketing infrastructure (89.60%) and middle man not providing remunerative price to male kids (86.40%). Regarding feeding, main constraints were high prices of concentrate (89.60%) and lack of knowledge about importance of mineral mixture (87.20%). With respect to health care practices the major constraints were lack of knowledge about deworming (83.20%) and high mortality rate in kids (81.20%). Regarding breeding, indiscriminate breeding (86.40%) and non availability of improved breeding buck in market (80.80%). With respect to housing management was high construction cost (82.80%) and high interest rate (82.40%). Considering above fact, it is suggested that appropriate strategy might be formulated for the development of goat rearing and also for the goat owners in the study areas.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AURAL HEMATOMA IN RUSSIAN GREY GIANT RABBIT—A CASE REPORT

Manjunatha D R, Mahesh V and Ranganath L

Page No: 37-38

An aural haematoma is a collection of blood or serum, and sometimes a blood clot within the pinna or ear flap. Aural hematoma result due to constant shaking and rubbing of ear due to otitis, ectoparasitism, ottorrhoea, foreign bodies, hyper sensitivity and allergic dermatitis which leads to rupture of the pinnal blood vessel resulting in hematoma formation. Most commonly seen in dogs but in present paper surgical management of aural hematoma in Russian Grey Giant Rabbit was reported.

ECONOMICS AND PROFITABILITY IN CARNATION (DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS L.) INFLUENCED BY INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Basavaraj Dalawai and B Hemla Naik

Page No: 39-41

The experiment was conducted to know the effect of organic manures, biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on economics and profitability in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. Soto at Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2011-12. The annual establishment and maintenance cost worked out to Rs. 1,22,773/560 m2. Experiment was consisted about 11 treatment combinations, among 11 treatment combinations, T11 (Azospirillum + PSB + FYM + VC + 75% RDF) resulted maximum Gross returns, net returns and higher BCR (Rs. 5,03,730,3,75,223 and 2.91, respectively) followed by T10 (Azospirillum + PSB + VC + 75% RDF) Rs. 4,86,912,3,59,314 and 2.80, respectively among all treatment combinations. Minimum results were found in cent percent RDF.

IRON-CONTENT OF SUB-SOILS OF ETHIOPE EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE NIGERIA

Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A

Page No: 42-49

The iron-content of sub-soils of Ethiope East local government area of delta state constitute the study area. Ten soil samples were collected, air dried, sieved and ground into powdered form. The analytical method used was total iron determination method, commonly called Fe-total. This method involves dissolving the soil sample in concentrated hill and heating for several minutes. The Fe3 originally present was reduced to Fe2 with Sc2 while HGd2 was added to destroy the excess Sncc2. The resulting solution for each of the sample was titrated with K2, Cr2 O7 using a mixture of Hd/H2SO4 and diphenylamine as indicator. The result that sub-soils of the Ethiope East plain containing 0.50% to 1.60% iron. This shows that iron is available in a good amount. The soils have pH value ranging from 4.4 to 7.3 and a good soil texture.

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS YIELDS OF VIGOVA SUPER M AND KUTTANAD DUCKS BASED ON SLAUGHTER AND CARCASS WEIGHT

Gibin George T, Renuka Nayar and Stella Cyriac

Page No: 50-55

Duck meat has combined properties of red and white meat and has high nutritional values. Kerala with its network of inland water sources is an ideal place for duck rearing. A study was undertaken to compare the yields of native dual purpose Kuttanad ducks (5-6 months) with the exotic broiler strain of Vigova ducks (6-8 weeks) based on slaughter and carcass weight. When compared to Kuttanad ducks, Vigova ducks exhibited significantly higher slaughter and carcass weights, carcass yields with skin, without skin and with giblets. Mean value of breast angle and yield of inedible offals were significantly higher (P < 0.01) for Kuttanad ducks. Cut up parts except back and wing were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Vigova ducks. In both groups, breast showed the highest mean yield. Leg constituted the second highest cut up part in Vigova ducks, whereas it was back for Kuttanad ducks. The lowest mean yield was for thigh in both the ducks. On the basis of carcass weight, yields of meat and bones were significantly higher for Kuttanad ducks, however, the meat: bone ratios did not differ significantly. Vigova ducks were superior in carcass yield and could be used for meat production at a young age, making it suitable for commercial broiler production.

DETERMINATION OF FE2O3, SIO2, K2O, CAO, Al2O3 AND MG IN ANT-HILL SOIL SAMPLES WITHIN ABRAKA TOWN IN NIGERIA

Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A

Page No: 56-60

Analysis of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, K2O and MgO concentrations was done on soils from three different locations in Abraka Town the soil samples collected were dried, ground and sieved using colorimetric determinations, flame photometric and titration methods. At the different locations, the concentration of SiO2 ranges from 448.50-179.40 ppm, 74.75-14.50 ppm and 299.00-29.90 ppm. Al2O3 range from 35424.42-1653.1.39 ppm, 54679.07-23616.28 ppm and 35424.42-18893.02 ppm. Fe2O3 from 37.30-6.66 ppm, 19.98-11.32 ppm and 21.31-10.67 ppm CaO from 112177.94-15871.18 ppm, 103395.73-28044.49 ppm and 12339.73-39262.28 ppm. K2O from 5184.35-1135.26 ppm, 5827.62-1865 ppm and 4276.15-1173.10 ppm and MO from 2800-9800 ppm. It is found that the concentration of CaO is higher in three different locations followed by the concentration of Al2O3. Fe2O3 have the least concentration in one different location. Therefore, it can be said that the amount of CaO in ant-hill soils would support the shape and resistance of the cast to rain. It is of mite that CaO in a major constituent in cement and when hard stone reacted with water forms-like mass.

HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND IMAGING STUDIES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF UROLITHIASIS IN DOGS

P Sravanthi, E L Chandra Sekhar, K B P Raghavender, D Pramod Kumar and V Gireesh Kumar

Page No: 61-65

The present clinical study was conducted on 10 dogs presented for treatment of canine urolithiasis. The mean + SE of total red blood cell count, total leukocytic count and haemoglobin content preoperatively were 4.17 + 0.02 mill/cumm, 9177 + 122 cells/cmm and 11.2 + 0.6 grams/dl respectively while, the mean + SE level of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were found to be 16.7 + 2.7 mg/dl and 0.95 + 0.02 mg/dl respectively. Radiography and ultrasonography were found to be effective diagnostic aids in confirmation of urolithiasis.

CONSTRAINTS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES OF VEGETABLE CROPS

Mandeep Sharma

Page No: 66-72

Cultivation of vegetables and fruits is now becoming a viable commercial proposition. With the introduction of liberal trade policies, prospects for export of fruits and vegetables have improved. Vegetables provide a good source of income to the growers and play an important part in human nutrition. But still, there is a wide gap between current production and potential productivity, in this view a study was undertaken to find out the constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of the recommended farm practices of major vegetable crops. Four major vegetable crops, i.e., potato, tomato, peas and cauliflower and four farm practices viz., Improved seeds, fertilizer applications, plant protection measures and storage and marketing were selected for the study. A random sample of 160 respondents was taken from two purposively selected districts of Punjab. The study reveal that high cost of chemicals, non-availability of disease free seeds, non-availability of chemicals, lack of labour, lack of time, lack of technical knowledge, financial problem, poor shelf life, inadequate supply of storage material, lack of marketing facilities, less support price and price fluctuation were the main constraints encountered by the vegetable growers in the adoption of recommended farm practices of major vegetable crops.

EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MAJOR PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN CATTLE IN IDUKKI AND ERNAKUAM DISTRICTS OF KERALA, INDIA

Devi Gopinath, M C Sharma, Gurupriya V S and Mamta Singh

Page No: 73-80

Minerals have wide array of functions in the physiological processes of animal body including reproduction, lactation, and immunity. Mineral deficiency in livestock animals is responsible for poor growth, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and decrease in immunity which collectively affects the productivity of animals and subsequent economic losses to the farmer. Nutritional management of the dairy animals plays an important role in the milk production, reproduction as well as health. Minerals have wide array of functions in the physiological processes of animal body including reproduction, lactation, and immunity. Animal’s feeds and fodder often do not include all the requisite minerals and therefore need to be supplemented. The present study focus on the effect of mineral deficiency in major physiological and biochemical parameters in cattle of two districts of Kerala, India.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION IN FRUIT CROPS—A REVIEW

Gurteg Singh

Page No: 81-101

Proper identification and characterization of the accessions is highly required for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Various molecular techniques such as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP), Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have recently been used for fruit plant characterization. The publication of Botstein et al. in 1980 about the construction of genetic maps using RFLP was the first reported molecular marker technique in the detection of DNA polymorphism. Genome sequencing projects for several fruit crops such as grapevine, apple, peach, strawberry, and citrus, revealed good results in molecular characterization. RAPD, RFLP, AFLP and SSR or microsatellite markers have been used to identify citrus species with high accuracy. SSR markers have been used successfully for the genetic diversity studies among Mangifera indica L. accessions and related Mangifera species originating from 12 diverse geographic areas. Many studies on RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR in apple have been published. True hybrids identification among F1 progenies using RAPD and ISSR markers has been reported in Zyzipus mauritiana. Genetic divergence and similarity among diverse pear, peach and grape genotypes have been reported by using SSR markers. The first report of using SRAP marker as a tool for determining genetic variation among and within Prunus mahaleb and Prunus avium was recently published in 2013. Genetic diversity and relationships in loquat and pomegranate varieties were studied by using SSR markers.

MOLECULAR CHARCTERIZATION OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS FROM EASTERN INDIA

R Selvarani, M Ramakrishnan and S K Panda

Page No: 102-105

Forty eight samples of trachea, lung, kidney, liver, spleen, heart, intestine, proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas samples were collected from gout affected birds or received from commericial poultry farms located in the states of Odhisa, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Karnataka, The paraffin embedded tissue were cut into 4 to 6 μm thickness and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The tissue sections were also subjected to De Galantha’s stain to rule out urate crystals. Clinically, the birds were remained with severe respiratory symptoms. Polymerase chain Reaction, sequence and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Microscopic examination revealed sinusoid distension, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes. Kidney revealed tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis with tophi formation as urate deposit. Out of 48 samples subjected by RT-PCR assay, one sample revealed amplification at 240 bp of Infectious bronchitis virus. Among the 48 samples suspected for gout, (Odisha N-18, Tamil Nadu N-14, West Bengal N-8, Karnataka N-8), one sample from West Bengal showed positivity for IBV (12.5%) other 47 samples were found negative.

EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION ON RUMEN FERMENTATION OF BUFFALO BULLS FED TOTAL MIXED RATIONS

K Rajamma, D Srinivas Kumar, E Raghava Rao and D Narendra Nath

Page No: 106-113

Four rumen fistulated buffalo bulls (361.43 ± 29.41 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effect of EFE supplementation in TMRs containing different R:C ratios on ruminal fermentation. The bulls were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments viz., TMR with R:C ratio of 60:40 (T1), T1 supplemented with EFE @ 15 g/animal/day (T2), TMR with R:C of 70:30 ratio (T3) and T3 supplemented with EFE @ 15 g/animal/day (T4). The present study indicated that rumen pH was lower (P < 0.01) while the concentration of TVFA, NH3-N and N fractions were higher (P < 0.01) in T1 when compared to T3. Further, supplementation of EFE in TMRs irrespective of R:C ratio decreased (P < 0.01) rumen pH and increased (P < 0.01) the concentrations of TVFA, NH3-N and N fractions in buffalo bulls. The rumen pH values were highest at 0 h and declined to minimum 4 h post feeding while TVFA, NH3-N, and N fractions reached peak at 4 h post feeding and later followed a decreasing trend in all the treatments. The results revealed improved rumen fermentation pattern with supplementation of EFE in TMRs irrespective of the R:C ratio.

ASSESSMENT OF FEEDING PRACTICES AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE FEEDSTUFFS USE FOR DAIRY ANIMALS IN MAHABOOBNAGAR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

S Ramesh, D Nagalakshmi, Y Ramana Reddy and D B V Ramana

Page No: 114-120

A survey was conducted to study the feeding practices followed by farmers and to evaluate the chemical composition of locally available feedstuffs use for dairy animals in Mahaboobnagar district. Four villages were selected for the survey that truly represented the animal husbandry practices of the district. Paddy straw was fed to all animals by all farmers and few farmers fed sorghum or maize stovers along with paddy straw. Sorghum (SSG-59-3) was the preferred green (42-52.5%) followed by para grass (10-35%) and hybrid napier (10-25%). Feeding concentrates mixture was followed by few farmers and restricted to productive animals only. Rice bran (57.5-70%) was the most preferred concentrate ingredient followed by cotton seed. On an average the CP, EE, CF and NFE % in paddy straw in surveyed villages ranged from 3.14 to 3.91, 1.40 to 1.47, 35.31 to 36.30 and 46.05 to 46.72%, respectively and the same varied from 3.22 to 4.52, 0.98 to 1.43, 33.76 to 40.69 and 45.69 to 50.83, respectively in jowar and maize stovers. In case of non-leguminous green fodders (sorghum, para grass and hybrid napier), the CP, EE, CF and NFE were in range of 5.40-10.74, 1.55-3.07, 25.69-38.65 and 43.69-50.03%, respectively. The CP content of grazing grass varied among villages from 5.66 to 8.57. Among the concentrates, the CP, EE and NDF was 14.27-15.96, 14.68-15.82, 40.68-43.24% in rice bran, 15.96,4.63, 43.80% in wheat bran and 9.12-9.41, 2.06-2.65, 17.24-18.59% in maize grain, 23.87, 1.12, 36.4% in horse gram, 12.31-16.49, 10.36-12.27, 38.69-42.29% in homemade concentrates and 17.15-18.80, 1.48-2.06, 42.14-45.03% in compounded cattle feeds respectively.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RAM LAMBS FED DIFFERENT ROUGHAGE BASED TOTAL MIXED RATIONS

K Ananda Rao, K Raja Kishore and D Srinivas Kumar

Page No: 121-127

A 120 day trial was conducted on 24 growing ram lambs divided into four equal groups to study the effect of feeding different roughage based Total Mixed Rations (TMRs) on growth performance. The Total Mixed Rations (TMRs) contained different roughage source viz. maize stover (R-1), groundnut haulms (R-2), black gram straw (R-3), jowar stover (R-4) and concentrate mixture in 60:40 ratio, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar among the groups. The total weight gain (kg) was 8.85, 10.77, 9.70 and 8.93 in R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 groups, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (P < 0.01) and feed efficiency (kg feed per kg gain) was lower (P < 0.01) in R-2 group compared to other groups. The cost of production (Rs/kg gain) was lowest (P < 0.01) in R-2 group compared to other groups. It was concluded that groundnut haulms is superior roughage source in total mixed rations for growing ram lambs compared to maize stover, black gram straw and jowar stover.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC (SEM) ASPECTS OF MALASSEZIA PACHYDERMATIS ISOLATED FROM DOGS

Jyothi Jatavath and K Satish Kumar

Page No: 128-131

Dogs presented with the signalment of pruritus, erythema, alopecia, eczema and any visible skin lesions were considered and skin sample was collected using sterile cotton swabs / adhesive tape. The sample was transferred to the glass slide and then heat fixed and stained with new methylene blue stain, for confirmation. Later the sample was processed and subjected for the scanning electron microscopic procedure. The Malassezia pachydermatis blue coloured with foot print or peanut shape. Electron microscopically, the yeast colonies grown on Sabourauds dextrose agar were raised, doomed or high convex and smooth with cream colour. The organism was measured between 3.16 to 5.29 microns length, which appeared as globose to ellipsoidal in shape, round at one end and blunt at the other, which was associated with asexual reproduction.

EFFECT OF CIDR AND PGF2 TO IMPROVE THE CONCEPTION RATE IN REPEAT BREEDING BUFFALOES

A Vijayarajan and P Sankar

Page No: 132-134

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of CIDR and PGF2 to improve the conception rate in Repeat breeding buffaloes under field condition. The buffaloes were divided into group I (n = 32) and group II (n = 112). Group I animals were served as control and were inseminated during natural estrus and Group II animals were treated with an intra vaginal P4 device (CIDR) for 9 days and PGF2? was given intramuscularly 24 hrs prior to CIDR removal. Fixed time Artificial insemination was carried out at 48 and 72 hrs after CIDR removal. The overall conception rates obtained was 37.50% in group I animals and 79.46% in group II animals treated with CIDR and PGF2.

SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA AND PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM IN KITTEN—A RARE CASE REPORT

Sindhu K Rajan

Page No: 135-138

The present paper reports Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum in a kitten. The occurrence of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum is a rare condition in cat. The condition was diagnosed with the help of radiography and clinical investigation. Non haemolytic streptococci were indentified from cultural examination of blood. The case was managed with amoxicillin-cloxacillin injection and the condition was resolved completely within two weeks.

EFFECT OF FREEZE THAW CYCLE ON QUALITIES OF CHEVON

A F Katekhaye, K S Rathod and R K Ambadkar

Page No: 139-145

The study evaluated effect of freeze thaw cycle on pH, cooking loss, thawing loss, TBA and histology of chevon. Muscles comprising of Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus and Bicep femoris from chevon carcass were collected aseptically and transferred to deep freeze (–18±2 °C) after packaging in LDPE bags. The frozen chevon samples were thawed at every 5th day by three different thawing methods viz., Refrigeration temperature (4±1 °C), Hot water (40±1 °C) and Room temperature (35±2 °C). Study revealed the non significant effect on pH of chevon during each cycle. However, cooking loss and thawing loss in chevon thawed at room temperature (in 2nd and 3rd freeze thaw cycle) increased significantly. Histological study revealed in first freeze thaw cycle only appreciable changes in which increased interfascicular spaces and distortion in muscle fiber were observed.

PREVALENCE OF RENAL DISORDERS IN DOGS—A CLINICAL STUDY

Srikanth Kandula and Satish Kumar Karlapudi

Page No: 146-148

When a total of 237 dogs were subjected for various diagnostic protocol like, urine analysis, urine enzymology, serum chemistry and ultrasonography for diagnosing renal disorders, 79 cases (33.33%) cases were diagnosed for renal insufficiency associated with various causes, viz., nephritis, cystitis and/urethritis, urolithiasis, pyometra, renal insufficiency associated with cardiovascular and other systemic causes and mixed conditions. Of all the causes nephritis (24.05) was recorded as highest prevalent in dogs. Further renal insufficiency was highly prevalent in Labrador (21.05%) and in female dogs (63.16%).

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SPERM MORPHOMETRY OF CROSSBRED AND MURRAH BUFFALO BULLS

Biswajit Roy

Page No: 149-155

To eliminate the subjectivity inherent in conventional methods, morphology evaluation of spermatozoa by morphometry using computer based software assisted technique was undertaken. Objective of the present study was to measure various morphometric parameters of spermatozoa of crossbred and Murrah buffalo bulls through computer image analysis. Spermatozoa with intact acrosomes were selected and assessed using an immersion lens (1,000 ×) and standard illumination. The software made it possible to take linear measurements of each spermatozoon: head length, head width, head base, tail length, acrosomal cap length and acrosomal cap width. The results of the morphometric study did not demonstrate the existence of sperm subpopulations. Mean head length, mean head width, mean head base, mean acrosomal cap length and mean acrosomal cap width and mean tail length of spermatozoa of crossbred bull were 9.18±0.01 μm, 5.11±0.01 μm, 2.10±0.01 μm, 3.98±0.01 μm, 4.57±0.01 μm and 61.78±0.01 μm, respectively. Mean head length, mean head width, mean head base, mean acrosomal cap length and mean acrosomal cap width and mean tail length of spermatozoa of Murrah buffalo bull were 7.59±0.01 μm, 4.91±0.01 μm, 2.47±0.01 μm, 3.46±0.01 μm, 4.51±0.01 μm and 56.14±0.01 μm, respectively. All measurements were significantly (P < 0.01) different between two species and buffalo sperm head is more oval than the cattle.