EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF NATURAL ZEOLITE (CLINOPTILOLITE) ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF BROILER CHICKENS

Heba A Basha, Amira A Goma, Ayman E Taha and Reham Abou Elkhair

Page No: 1-11

This study aimed to analyze the effect of different forms of natural zeolite on productive performance, behavioral patterns and litter moisture content of the broiler. A total of 300 one day old chicks (Cobb) were randomly allocated into equally six groups and treated from second week of age till marketing. The first one (G1) was treated with zeolite hanged in air (100 gm/m2), the second (G2) was given zeolite in diet (15 g/kg), the third (G3) was supplied with zeolite in litter (100 g/kg), the fourth (G4) was treated with zeolite hanged in air and added to diet, the fifth (G5) was given all forms of zeolite and the sixth group was the control one which do not receive any form of zeolite (G6). The obtained data showed that the addition of zeolite in diet (G2) and combination of zeolite in all forms (G5) raised the marketing body weight and daily body weight gain. Moreover, using of zeolite in hanged (G1) and/or diet (G2 and G4) improved feed conversion ratio. However, the addition of zeolite in all treatments did not affect daily feed and water intake or carcass traits. Furthermore, moisture content decreased significantly by zeolite supplementation in litter (G4 and G5). Crouching time increased in G5 than others while, standing time, wing and leg stretch frequency a significantly decreased in G2. Walking and scratching frequencies increased in G3, while, floor exploration decreased in G1. So, it is recommended to add natural zeolite in the three forms (hanged, diet and litter) in the broiler house to increase their productive performance and litter moisture.

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EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF BROILER DIETS WITH FISH OIL AND LINSEED OIL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CYTOKINES, AND CECAL HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BROILER CHICKENS INFECTED BY EIMERIA TENELLA

Abeer E Aziza, Ola A Orma, Walaa F Awadin and Yousef E L Seady

Page No: 12-27

Avian coccidiosis is one of the serious infectious diseases affecting poultry, caused by different species of genus Eimeria. The present study was designed to evaluate the impacts of supplementation of broiler diet with Fish Oil (FO) or Linseed Oil (LO) at 3 and 5% on growth performance, hematological parameters, cytokines, antioxidant capacity, fecal oocysts count, and cecalhistopathoogical changes of broiler chickens infected byEimeria tenella. One hundred eighty 1-day old Cobb chicks were randomly allocated to 6 groups (30 chicks each). Each treatment was replicated 3 times with ten chicks (n-10). The experimental (ioscaloric- isonitrogenous) diets were based on corn-soybean meal with 3% corn oil (positive and negative control), FO at 3 and 5% and LO at 3 and 5%. Chickens were inoculated by gavage with 40,000 sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. Feeding diets supplemented with 3 and 5% LO resulted in higher body weight and body weight gain than those fed FO supplemented diets or positive control group. Diets supplemented with 5% FO or 5% LO significantly (p< 0.05) reduced cecal lesions and parasitic density scores caused by E.tenella. Dietary supplementation of 3% LO significantly (P<0.05) decreased the fecal coccidial oocysts count through 12 days post coccidial infection followed by 5% LO supplementation compared with those of the broilers fed the negative control diet and other treatment groups. Hematological parameters, Red Blood Cell count (RBCs), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), blood hemoglobin (Hb) were significantly decreasedin the positive control. However, there were no significant differences in hematological parameters between negative control and other experimental groups.Diets supplemented with 5% FO increased plasma level of interlukine- 6 (IL-6) compared with other treatment groups, while 5% LO increased plasma level of IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor. Serum total antioxidant capacity in chickens fed diets supplemented with LO (3% and 5%) were higher than other groups. In conclusion, supplementation of broiler diets with 3-5% LO improved growth performance and reduced cecal lesions and fecal oocysts count and effective in controlling the adverse effects of coccidiosis with E. tenella.

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PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON JOHNE'S DISEASEINDUCED ENTERITIS IN EGYPTIAN CATTLE

Walaa F Awadin, Shawky Moustafa, Eman Abd El-Mottaleb and Yasmin EL-Morshidy

Page No: 28-39

We described the gross and histopathological lesions of naturally occurring Johne’s diseaseinduced enteritis in Egyptian cattle. A total of 100 cattle with history of enteritis, slaughtered at the regional slaughter-houses or recently died at dairy farms of Dakahlia province, Egypt were examined. The results showed that 7 animals were infected with mycobacterium paratuberculosis subsp. Avium. The acid-fast bacilli were detected in fecal smears and tissue sections stained by Ziehl-Neelsen’s (ZN) technique and serum samples had positive antibody levels detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Grossly, the intestinal mucosa of lower ileum and upper large intestine were thickened and folded into transverse rugae. The subserosal lymphatics were prominent and dilated and the mesenteric lymph nodes were congested, and edematous. Microscopically, granulomatous enteritis was the main consistent lesion. In less sever affected cases; the lamina propria and submucosa was multifocally infiltrated with mixed inflammatory cells composed mainly of lymphocytes, plasma cells, few macrophages and a large number of eosinophils. Occasionally, granulomatous lymphangitis occluded the lumen of submucosal lymphatics. In severe cases; the intestinal villi were fused, markedly atrophic and diffusely infiltrated with epithelioid macrophages with fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells. Multinucleated giant cells were occasionally seen. Acid-fast rods were seen within the cytoplasm of macrophages. It was concluded that the lesions of Johne’s disease in cattle were characteristic; these findings emphasize the importance of a careful histopathological examination of the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes for the diagnosis of the disease. Moreover, control and prevention programs should be initiated in Egypt.

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ATTITUDE TOWARDS RISK AMONG MELON FARMERS IN KULON PROGO DISTRICT INDONESIA

Ananti Yekti, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, Jamhari and Slamet Hartono

Page No: 40-46

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of production factor of melon productivity and determinefarmers attitude towardrisk of melon farming. The study was carried out in Kulon Progo district, and had 100 melon farmers as respondents. Primary data consisted of cross section data (among farmers) and time series (cropping season), thus obtained 169 farm records totally. Data was collected during April-June 2014. Farmer attitude toward risk was analyzed using risk aversion parameter or K(s), developed by Moscardi and de Janvry (1977). Cobb- Douglas production function has applied to help determining the value of risk aversion parameter. The study revealed that seed, ZA fertilier, NPK fertilizer, organic fertilizer, agro-ecosystem and cropping season had influenced significantly on melon yield. Most of melon farmers (82,84%) behaved risk averter.

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APPLICATION OF PATH ANALYSIS FOR CONTRIBUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN LACTATION MILK YIELD OF HALF BREED CATTLE

V A Jadhav and S D Shinde

Page No: 47-52

The use of the path coefficient analysis methodology in Half Breed cattle revealed that, the reproductive trait-Lactation Length (LL) had appreciable effect in total Lactation Milk Yield (LMY). Correlation of LL with total LMY was highly significant ranges from 0.267 to 0.522. Direct effect of LL and indirect effects of SP and CI through LL were positive and higherin all lactations. The direct per cent contribution of LL in LMYwas 13.49 to 29.25%. However, SP and CI showed negligibledirect contribution in LMY upto 3rd lactation and for 4th to 6th lactation ranged from 4.887 to 14.276 and 5.189 to 22.903 in LMY. AFC showed significant and negative correlation with LMY. Its direct effect also negative and indirect effects through other traits were negligible in LMY.That indicates early age of first calving increases the LMY in different lactations. Therefore, it is suggested that more emphasis may be given on these traits (AFC, SP, CL and LL) for future breeding programme.

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ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS IN SMALL HOLDER DAIRY FARMS IN ESSERA DISTRICT, DAWURO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

Bizuayehu Eshetu and Wale Tesfaye

Page No: 65-74

The cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to September 2016 at Essera Veterinary Clinic to identify the major reproductive health problems and its associated risk factors in local breed cows in Essera districts of Dawuro Zone. Out of the total 400 cows examined, 79(19.8%) were having at least one of the reproductive problems identified by clinical observation of individual cows. The major reproductive health problems identified in the present study were repeat breeding 36(9%), abortion 17(4.5%), dystocia 15(3.7%), retained fetal membrane 5(1.3%) and anoestrus 4(1%) and uterine prolapse 2(0.5%). The prevalence rate of major reproductive disorders increased from heifer to adult and older cows with prevalence of 8.2%, 22.9% and 29%, respectively. Age was highly significant (p = 0.005) on the prevalence of the major reproductive disorders. Parity number was statistically significant (p = 0.016) on the prevalence rate of the reproductive disorders and the effect increased progressively from primiparous to multiparous with prevalence of 8.4% and 26.9%, respectively. The effect of body condition on the prevalence rate of the major reproductive disorders decreased from good to poor animals with prevalence of 31.7% and 16.2%, respectively. Generally, body condition had highly significant effect ( p= 0.001) on the prevalence of the major reproductive disorders

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PREVALENCE OF WOUND AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN WORKING DONKEYS IN AND AROUND WOLAITA SODO TOWN, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

Kero Mekuria and Wale Tesfaye

Page No: 75-83

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 - September 2016 to determine the prevalence wound and associated risk factors in donkeys in and around Wolaita Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 400 working donkeys were examined of which, 172 (43.0%) were affected by wound. The prevalence of wound vary significantly among sex, age categories and body condition score of animals. Higher prevalence of wound was recorded in male animals 101(47.2%) and female ones 71(38.2%). This difference between both sexes showed statistically significant difference (p = 0.013). The study has showed that a significantly higher prevalence of wound was recorded in old donkeys 75(46.6%, ) followed by adults 89(44.1%) and young 8(21.6%). There is statically different (p = 0.001) among age groups. The highest rate was recorded in donkeys with poor body condition 149(45.8%) followed by those with good body conditions 23 (31.1%). Statistically significant variation (p = 0.000) was recorded among body condition scores. The highest distributions of wound is found in prescapular region (8.2%) followed by mixed (6.7%), back (5.5%), hind limb (5%), neck (3.8%), chest (3%), fore limb (2.8%), shoulder (2.3%), and head (2.2%). Donkey wounds were found commonly distributed on the prescapular and back region. significant number abrasion wounds (24.5%), lacerative wound (8.7%), puncture wound (6.8%) and incise wound (3%) in donkeys were reported in this study. The highest prevalence of wound was caused by improper harnessing (6.9%) followed by biting (12%), injury by horn (5%), infectious diseases (4.7%), over load (3.7%), unknown (2.3%), and falling (1.8%). Generally, this study has figured out wound as a major health problem of working donkeys in and around Wolaita Sodo town and hence, a comprehensive equine health programs should be implemented in order to alleviate the prevailing problem.

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GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT SURGERY IN CANINES

Wale Tesfaye

Page No: 84-100

Surgery of gastro intestinal tract (GIT) in canines is frequently performed than other surgery followed by surgeries of female genital tract in this species. The most common major operation performed on canines is gastrotomy, intestinal resection, anastomosis and enterotomy with special consideration to indications, pre operative preparation, anesthesia, surgical techniques, and post operative care. This can be achieved through the knowledge of anatomy of abdominal cavity, behavioral physiology, biochemistry, anesthesiology and others. There are many diseases which affect GIT and treated by surgery such as: Gastric foreign bodies found in dogs of all breeds and ages; Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening disease characterized by an accumulation of air in the stomach, malpositioning of the stomach on its long axis and an increase in intraluminal gastric pressure; Intussusception and Mega colon which is increased diameter of the large bowel. This again requires special knowledge on clinical judgment, radiography, laboratory tests and serology(if necessary).Therefore, we can diagnosis and treat GIT affected dogs by regular updating knowledge of surgical pathology of this diseases, diagnostic skills, judgments of case, operative skills and control of asepsis while we perform surgery.

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IN OVO VACCINATIONS TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW

Wale Tesfaye

Page No: 101-116

Thirty three years ago in ovo vaccination was a new idea being tested in research laboratories of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).In 1982 Sharma and Burmester introduced in ovo vaccination by demonstrating its effectiveness to protect against Marek’s disease virus? In the last few years, in ovo technology has been extended for other vaccines, including live and recombinant vaccines, and efforts to extend it for other viral, bacterial and coccidiosis vaccines are in progress.Currently, over 80% of US broilers are immunized in ovo with MD vaccine. In ovo vaccination is also effective and used commercially to protect poultry from infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Compared with field vaccination, in ovo vaccination using automated injection machine provides uniform and fast delivery (up to 70,000 egg/h), reduced labor costs, decreased stress to the birds; and most importantly, elicits early immune responses, as soon as 2-week post hatching. From practical and commercial perspectives, in ovo vaccination not only has been effective in providing protection but also has cheaper costs per birds vaccinated. Currently the popularity of the in ovo vaccination machine is spreading world wide including in Latin America and Europe. Exciting prospects for disease control and hatchery automation are on the horizon. In the near future it is likely that the technology will include diagnostic capabilities such as determining the sex of the embryo prior to hatch. Commercial chicken farms are rapidly growing in Ethiopia. The chicken types are increase temperate breeds that are less adapted to the environment and diseases challenges in the country. Accompanying intensification of poultry farming is the occurrence of epidemics of newly introduced diseases and/or epidemic occurrence of the previously endemic diseases. An outbreak of infectious bursal disease (IBD), accompanied by high mortality and morbidity was immerged since 2002 in commercial poultry farms around Addis Ababa and DebreZeit.Marek’s disease has also been well recognized in the poultry industry since its first confirmation in the late 1990s.

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PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN GENA-BOSSA WOREDA OF DAWURO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

Adisu Agaro and Wale Tesfaye

Page No: 117-126

The study was conducted from December, 2015 to June, 2016 in the selected settlement areas of Genna-Bossaworeda of Dawro Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regional States (SNNPR). The goals of the study was to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess awareness of the community towards the effect of trypanosomosis and its control methodsin the study area. Community members were interviewed using a questionnaires format and cross-sectional parasitological and haematological investigation were carried out during the study period. According to the response of community members, trypanosomosis is the most economically important disease affecting cattle and agricultural activity in the area. For the parasitological study a total 384 blood samples were colected from randomly selected animals. Blood sample were examined for the presence of trypanosomosis by dark ground buffy coat technique. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area was 15.38%. The three kebeles seem to have no great difference in the prevalence of trypanosomosis. During the present study, from the total of 384 cattle examined, 205 were males and 179 females. Male animals were as equally affected as female animals. There was significant difference in trypanosomoseinfection between animals with different body condition scores. The prevalence of 18.09%, 15.54% and 12.37% was observed for animals with poor, medium and good body condition scores respectively. The proper and strict following of trypanocidaldrud utilization and awareness creation to the farmers about risks of drug resistance should be made.

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