International Journal of

Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

International Journal of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

Vol. 5(1) February 2017

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROFITABILITY OF CATFISH, TILAPIA AND CARP PRODUCTION IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA

Ochiaka C D and Obasi C E

Page No: 1-6

The study compared the profitability of catfish, tilapia and carp production in South-East Nigeria. Three states, Anambra, Enugu and Ebonyi were randomly selected from the five states that make up the south-east geo-political zone. All the registered fish farmers in three states were selected for the study. This gave a sample size of 192 respondents. Data for the study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Budgetary technique was used to determine gross margin. Profitability ratios were calculated to determine economic performances of catfish, tilapia and carp production. Results show that fish farming is dominated by males (73.0%) with an average age of 47 years. Majority of the farmers (44.80%) have a bachelor’s degree /HND. The gross margin analysis and profitability ratios revealed that catfish farming is the most profitable in the area with a net income (profit) of N326,450, and a BCR of 1.26. High cost of farm input and poor access to credit facilities have greatly discouraged many people from venturing into fish farming it was recommended that more fish hatcheries and feed mills be constructed to reduce the problems fish farmers face in the zone.

INFLUENCE OF TURMERIC (Curcuma Longa) ON PERFORMANCE, HISTOMORPHOLOGY AND MICROBIOTA OF INTESTINE IN JUVENILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Mohamed S Yusuf, Marwa A Hassan, Hend M Tag, K Sarivistava, P G Reddy and A M Hassan

Page No: 7-16

This study was conducted to evaluate the benefit-risk potentials of turmeric at different levels on performance, intestinal histomorphology and microbiota of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two hundred forty juvenile tilapia were allocated as following: T1 (control) received basal diet only, the other treatments (T2, T3 and T4) received basal diet with turmeric at a rate of 2, 4 and 8 g/kg diet, respectively. There was a significant increase in T2 and significant decreases in both T3 and T4 as compared to control in final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio. In addition to significant improvement of feed intake/weight gain in T2 and depression in T3 and T4 there were non-significant changes between the treatments in final condition factor. Intestinal folds lengths showed significant increase in T2. Histomorphology of the proximal portion of small intestine showed decrease in enterocyte height in T3 and T4. The T4 group showed hydropic degeneration in the villi with the goblet cells loss with mucus lakes. Results of microbiota revealed a significant increase in both T3, T4 and a non-significant increase in T2 in total bacterial count and total lactobacillus count in comparison with control group. Fecal coliform count showed non-significant decrease in T2 and T3. In conclusion, turmeric 2 g/kg supplementation showed beneficial effects on performance and gut health,4 g/Kg showed a negative effect on the performance with non-obvious effect on gut health, and 8 g/Kg showed adverse effects on intestinal histomorphology including increased fecal coliform count and depressed growth performance.

VINE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANOMINERAL FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON MORPHOLOGY AND FRUIT YIELD OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.)

Ajibola Olufemi Victor and Amujoyegbe Bamidele Julius

Page No: 17-25

Effects of vine management and organomineral fertilizer on morphology and fruit yield of cucumber were carried out in early and late cropping seasons of 2015 at Teaching and Research Farm of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The experiment was a split-split plot laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Seasons formed the main plot the sub-plots were the four levels of vine management (Staked, Unstaked, Trellised and Mulch) while the sub-sub-plots consisted organomineral fertilizer formation (1:3, 1:1, 3:1, 100% organic, 100% inorganic and 0%). Data were collected on morphology and yield parameters. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of probability and significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results shows that vine management and organomineral fertilizers improved morphological and yield of cucumber while interaction between vine management and fertilizers were also significant.

ENZYMES ACTIVITY OF LOCAL AND EXOTIC HENS IN RESPONSE TO SEASONAL CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE OF SAUDI ARABIA

Huthail Najib and Abdulaziz Al-Aqil

Page No: 26-30

This study was carried out to evaluate the physiological responses, in terms of enzymes activity, of local Saudi and exotic layers to seasonal variation in ambient temperatures. Three breeds of layers represented by Saudi Local (SL), Naked Neck (NN) and White Leghorn (WL) were used in this study. Estimation of alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactic acid dehydrogenase and aspartate amino transferase enzymes was performed according to the procedure listed by AOAC (2000). Result of the study indicated asignificant breed * period interaction was found only in creatine kinase. However, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate amino transferase were affected by breed of the birds. Likewise, seasonal variations in temperature (effect of period) had a significant effect on lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate amino transferase enzymes. It was concluded based on this study and the biological responses of the birds to the seasonal variation in the temperature that naked neck birds can perform efficiently in areas where hot climate prevailed such as in Saudi Arabia.

POPULATION CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR CULTURED TILAPIA SPECIES USING RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) MARKERS

Adel S El-Nabtiti, Abeer AI Hassanin and Osman M M Mohamed

Page No: 31-43

The present research work was conducted with the aim of characterization of four cultured tilapia species populations namely Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis aureus, Oreochromis galilaeus, and Tilapia zilli using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. To achieve such a purpose, a total number of 40 apparently healthy fishes (10 from each of the four species) were obtained from Fish Research Centre, Suez Canal University (Ismailia, Egypt) .Bulked samples from each population were examined by RAPD-PCR technique using nine random10- mer primers (OPA-12, OPA-13, OPA-14 OPA-15, OPA-17, OPA-18, OPA-19, OPA-20, OPO- 11). The results of this experiment revealed that the 9 primers produced a total of 177 easily scorable RAPD bands ranged in molecular size from approximately 149 to 2787 bp. Dendrogram indicates that he genetic similarity between O. niloticus and T.zilli was higher compared with that between O.niloticus and both S.galilaeus and O.aureus. Also, between S.galilaeus and O.aureus the similarity was low compared with that of T.zilli. In conclusion, population characterization of tilapia speciesin this study had provided a baseline for future genetic improvement and monitoring ofthe gene pools of cultured tilapia stocks.

SALMONELLOSIS IN PEACOCK: A CASE REPORT

Nitish N Joat, Satyajit B Kale, Sudhakar P Awandkar, Priyanka V Pal, Dinesh K Painkra, Deesha P Ukey and Nitin V Kurkure

Page No: 44-48

The present case reports the occurrence of Salmonella spp. infection in wild bird. A carcass of peacock was submitted for the detail postmortem examination. Gross lesion in intestine reveled severe acute diffuse catarrhal enteritis and severe acute multifocal necrotic liver. The histopathological examination of intestine reveled disruption and sloughing of intestinal villi and infiltration of inflammatory cell in mucosal layer. Case was suspected for Salmonella spp. infection; hence the sample was collected from the intestine and cultured for the causative agent. The isolates were further confirmed by detection of invA gene (423 bp) using polymerase chain reaction as pathogenic Salmonella spp.

EXTENT OF MASS MEDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA UTILIZATION AMONG UNDER GRADUATE VETERINARY STUDENTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Bharadwaja Krishna M and Sharma G R K

Page No: 49-54

The use of various media by veterinary students as a source of interaction and information is an ever ongoing phenomenon, where as the extent of their usage still remains as a researchable question. Hence, this work particularly examined the extent of mass media and social media utilization among under graduate veterinary students in AP. The study was conducted by expost- facto research design with 150 as sample with questionnaire as the measuring instrument. Frequency, total score and rank order were used for data presentation and analysis. The study revealed that nearly cent percent were using traditional mass media to the greater extent while among digital social media, internet surfing, E-mail and what’s app are being used by all students as a source of information followed by 98.00% using Face book. These modern technologies can be best utilized when we understand the existing trends in their utilization among the stakeholders.

EFFECT OF YUCCA SHIDIGERA EXTRACT AND OR EXOGENOUS ENZYMES ON NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN NILE TILAPIA AQUACULTURE

Marwa A Hassan, Mohamed S Yusuf, Mohamed F Badran, Alaa Sh Griesh and Reeham A Zidan

Page No: 55-71

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Yucca shidigera and/or exogenous enzyme on nitrogenous compound in Nile tilapiafishes as well as apparent Digestibility Coefficient (%ADC) for crude protein. Apparently healthy, 800 mixed-sex Nile tilapia with same average body weights were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 2 replicates each as follow: the first group (G1) served as a non-treated control; the second group (G2) received basal diet supplemented with Yucca Shidigera Extract (YSE) 150 mg/kg; the third group (G3) received basal diet supplemented with 0.5 g/kg Exogenous Enzyme (EE); the fourth group (G4) received basal diet supplemented with a combination of YSE 150 mg/kg and 0.5 g/kg EE. Experimental fishes were put in 1 cubic meter tanks with same amount of water and experiment was terminated when ammonia level was stressful for control group. Result revealed that using of YSE reduce ammonia rapidly as soon as 24 hours with significant reduction in NH3 and NH4 + at 36 hours then become non-significant, at the same time YSE significantly decrease %ADC. Combined yucca with enzyme showed significant decrease in NH3 and NH4 + with increase in NO2 and NO3, also represented non-significant increase in %ADC. From this results it was concluded that using combination of yucca and enzyme revealed better effect on ammonia level in water and results recommended to monitor nitrite level.

COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF DORAMECTIN AND FENBENDAZOLE IN MANAGEMENT OF CLINICAL TOXOCARIOSIS IN PANDHARPURI BUFFALO HERD

Krishnendu Kundu, Bhupesh Kamdi, Madhav Waman Khasnis, Chandrashekhar Mote, Sainath Manikrao Bhokre and Ajay V Khanvilkar

Page No: 72-77

Toxocariosis due to Toxocara vitullorum is a major parasitic problem among suckling and freshly weaned cattle and buffalo calves. The parasite is more pathogenic for buffaloes compared to cattle. Prenatal (in-utero) and postnatal (transcolostral) transmission of the larvae to the foetus or the suckling calves results in heavy worm burden that may be often fatal. A case of clinical toxocariosis was observed among one month old buffalo calves of Pandharpuri breed. Quantitative faecal examination revealed count of 2700 to 27,600 Toxocara eggs per gram of faeces. Calves were treated with doramectin and fenbendazole and the results were compared by recording faecal egg output (EPG) up to 21 days post treatment.

GROSS ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE GOAT

Reda Mohamed, Zein Adam and Mohamed Gad

Page No: 78-86

The main purpose of this study was to convey a more precise explanation of the veins drainage of the intestinal tract of the goat. Fifteen adult healthy goats of were used. Immediately after slaughtering of the goat, the portal vein together with the caudal vena cava was injected with gum milk latex colored blue with ultramine. Theresults showed that the duodenum was drained by the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and caudal duodenal veins. The jejunum was drained by the jejunal veins. The ileum was drained by the ileal, mesenteric ileal and antimesenteric ileal veins. The cecum was drained by the cecal vein. The ascending colon was drained by the colic branches and right colic veins. The transverse colon was drained by the middle colic vein. The descending colon was drained by the middle and left colic veins. The sigmoid colon was drained by the sigmoid veins. The rectum was drained by the cranial, middle and caudal rectal veins.

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF BABESIA CANIS VOGELI AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT WITH IMIDOCARB

Arthi A and Tresamol P V

Page No: 87-90

A one and a half year old female Labrador was presented with a history of anorexia and vomiting. Hematological abnormalities were thrombocytopenia and monocytosis. Babesia canis piroplasms were detected on blood smear examination and the dog was treated with injection imidocarb at a dose of 6 mg/ kg body weight subcutaneously (SC) twice, with a two week interval. Hematology was performed on day’s three and fourteen to assess the improvement. The present communication deals with the identification of the species/subspecies B. canis vogeli by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the therapeutic management of the same.

STOCKING DENSITY IMPACTS ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND SOME STRESS INDICATORS WITHIN TWO DIFFERENT TURKEY BREEDS

Adel S El Nabtiti

Page No: 91-102

One of the most important challenges facing turkey production is high stocking density, therefore this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking density of 2 different turkey breeds (The Egyptian Black Baladi and The Commercial White Nicholas) on productive performance (live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio) and some stress indicators. A total of 108 poults-8 weeks old were allocated into 3 different rearing systems: G1; control (4 birds/m2); G2 and G3; reared at 6 and 8 birds/m2, respectively. A negative significant (P<0.01) impacts were reported of both 6 and 8 birds/m2 groups on productive performance parameters in both breeds; additionally, theses parameters showed direct relationship with the age. Higher stocking density (8 birds/m2) had been altered the differential leucocyte counts which associated with a significant (P<0.01) increase in corticosterone and decrease in both thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) as compared to control. There was a significant (P<0.01) high H/L ratio with Black Baladi as compared to White Nicholas. White Nicholas breed reared in 8 birds/m2 as compared to the other 2 White Nicholas groups showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in H/L ratio with corticosterone hormone level. On the other hand, Black Baladi breed showed a significant increase in corticosterone hormone level at 8 birds/m2 followed by 6 birds/m2. White breed at 8 birds/m2 showed a significant decrease in both T3 and T4 as compared to their control, on the other hand, Black Baladi reared in 8 birds/m2 showed a significant decrease in T4.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE CAREER PREFERENCES OF MALE AND FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE VETERINARY STUDENTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Bharadwaja Krishna M and Sharma G R K

Page No: 103-106

The primary purpose of this study was to identify the differences in career preferences of male and female undergraduate veterinary students in Andhra Pradesh. The sample size of 150 students was selected through random sampling from three veterinary colleges (50 from each) under Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University. The pretested questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection, the data was tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20. Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the study. The findings revealed that there were particular differences in career preferences among male and female under gradate veterinary students in AP.

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND THEIR ENTEROTOXIN GENES IN FAST FOOD AND FOOD HANDLERS FROM DIFFERENT FOOD PREMISES IN SOHAG CITY, EGYPT

Alshimaa A Hassanien and Nahed Mahmoud Abdel-Aziz

Page No: 107-113

This work was performed to detect the existence of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and some of their enterotoxin genes as Sea, Seb and Sec among food handlers and fast food samples like ready to eat meat prepared by them in different fast food premises in Sohag city, Upper Egypt using bacteriological isolation of S.aureus and multiplex PCR for enterotoxin genes detection. The results illustrated that 14 (8%) out of 175 fast food samples and 23 (26.7%) out of 86 food handlers harbored S.aureus pathogen. Age, gender and education status of food handlers not correlated with S.aureus infection while their hygienic practice during food processing is significantly correlated with infection. S.aureus enterotoxin genes was detected in 19 (51.3%) out of 37 isolates and Seb is more prevalent. This study highlights on the role of food handlers in dissemination of S.aureus food poisoning to consumers through food especially heat treated meat.

EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS IN ANIMALS AND ITS AMELIORATIVE MEASURES THROUGH NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT

Balamurugan B, N S Kharayat and Om Shankar

Page No: 114-126

In most mammalian species including cattle and buffalo heat stress has deleterious effects on nutritional, physiological and reproductive functions. Exposure of animals to a hot environment causes an increase in body temperature in mammals, including domestic animals. High ambient temperature also causes a decrease in the length and intensity of estrus by disturbing ovarian function as well as decreasing pregnancy rate after artificial insemination. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of heat stress on reproductive function in order to improve the production of domestic animals. Heat stress decreases appetite, weight gain, and milk yield in dairy cattle. It also adversely affects the reproductive performance of both sexes. In female animas it adversely impacts oogenesis, oocyte maturation, fertilization development and implantation rate. There are several nutritional strategies to consider during heat stress. A common strategy is to increase the energy and nutrient densities (reduced fiber, increased concentrates, and supplemental fat) of the diet, as feed intake is markedly decreased during heat stress. The concentration of all nutrients will need to be increased in diets as dry matter intake decreases during heat stress.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM RAW SHEEP AND GOAT MILK

Laila M EL Malt, Soad A Abd El Wanis, Mona A El-Zamkan and Mahmoud A Hafoda

Page No: 127-138

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of E. coli in raw milk of sheep and goat in Luxor Governorate, Egypt. A total of 150 samples of raw milk of sheep and goat (75 each) were collected. The results showed that 9.3% of each raw sheep and goat’s milk samples were contaminated with E. coli, while, E. coli O157 could not be detected. Out of 7 E. coli strains isolated from raw sheep’s milk samples, 5 strains were serotyped as O28, O166, O 27, O 128, O 26 and 2 did not give any agglutination with the used ‘O’ E. coli antiserum (ONT). On the other hand, E. coli isolates of raw goat’s milk were serotyped as O27, O125, O78, O152, ONT (one each) and 2 strains serotyped as O115. E. coli isolates were molecularly characterized for the presence of some virulence genes (stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes). PCR products analysis revealed that only one strain isolated from raw sheep milk samples (E. coli O26) was positive for presence of stx2 only, while E. coli strains obtained from goat milk lacked both stx1 and stx2. Also, eaeA gene was located in 85.7 and 100% of the isolated E. coli strains obtained from raw sheep and goat milk, respectively. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) were detected in 7.14 and 85.7% of the total E. coli isolates, respectively.