ILEOCECAL TRICHOBEZOAR IN A FEMALE Llama (Lama glama) IN KENYA

Onesmus Munene Nderi

Page No: 1-5

A three year old female Lama belonging to Chuka University, Kenya was reported to have reduced feed intake, depression, lethargy and preferred to lie down while her group mates were alert, active and feeding well. Clinical examination revealed a rectal temperature of 38.2 °C, respiration rate of 30 breaths per minute and heart rate was 80 beats minute, all of which were within the normal ranges. On auscultation, there were hush lung sounds over the thoracic cavity, absence of gastric movements and tympanic sounds were audible on percussion over the left paralumbar fossa. Tentative differential diagnosis were, gastrointestinal obstruction and indigestion since the lama had been introduced to new concentrate feeds while out of the institution for a local agricultural exhibition. She was treated using laxatives (magnesium sulphate) and antibiotic cover (penicillin and streptomycin) but her health deteriorated and she died four days later. Necropsy examination revealed multifocal abscesses on the mesentery and the intestines, ulceration on the wall of the third gastric compartment (analogous to abomasum in ruminants); fecal pellets covered by thick mucous, and obstructed intestines (around the ileocecal region) by a trichobezoar (hairball). Cases of trichobezoars are commonly recorded in cattle but they are poorly documented in lamas. This case is reported in order to enhance knowledge on lama's gastrointestinal disorders and create need for using advanced diagnostic tools such ultrasonography, radiography, exploratory laparotomy, haematological and biochemical tests when examining gastrointestinal conditions in nonconventional farm animals aimed at deducing to accurate confirmatory diagnosis particularly in developing countries.

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FEEDING VALUE OF HYDROPONICALLY SPROUTED BARELY FOR BROILERS

Huthail Najib and Suliman Al-Khateeb

Page No: 6-19

Sprouting grains causes increased activities of hydrolytic enzymes, improvements in the contents of total proteins, fat, certain essential amino acids, total sugars, B-group vitamins, and a decrease in dry matter, starch and anti-nutrients. Barely is known for its lower energy value than yellow corn and cause digestion problems in chickens. Therefore sprouting barely may help improve the nutritional value of barely and can then be included the broiler diets with no adverse effect. This experiment was aimed to study the effect of using sprouted barely at two stages of germination, replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75% of the corn on the performance and livability of broiler chicks. Eight dietary treatments including 4 treatments of sprouted barely that have been harvested at 2 and 4 days of soaking and four levels of corn replacements were assigned to the batteries where 10 broiler chicks allocated in each (replications). Results of the study showed that 4-day sprouted barely has more protein, crude fat, crude fiber and higher energy. Better body weight was achieved when 2-day sprouted barely was fed replacing 50% of the corn and when 4-day sprouted barely was fed replacing 25% of the corn. However, the control overwhelmed these results. It is concluded that despite the high fiber, especially in 4 days germination, sprouted barely may be added to the poultry diets with caution.

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IN-VITRO STUDY OF PLACENTAL TISSUE SEROTONIN IN RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH BACTERIAL COLLAGENASE INTRAVENOUS THERAPY ON RFM IN COWS

Mohan P

Page No: 20-24

The collagenase administration through umbilical artery is the effective treatment for Retained Fetal Membrane (RFM) in dairy cows. RFM was treated with collagenase enzyme through jugular vein as it is easy route than previous study of experimenting on umbilical arteries which is very difficult in a delayed case in field conditions in bovines. The study was conducted in placental tissues of bovines that are presented within 12 to 24 hours after parturition to Obstetrics Unit of Madras Veterinary College, Chennai to determine the presence of serotonin in the placental tissue of all the different treatment groups and the experimental animals were divided in to four different treatment groups (Gp I:n = 7; Gp II:n = 15; Gp III:n = 15 and Gp IV:n = 15) and placental tissue samples were collected accordingly from all groups. The data were collected, compared and analyzed; further, the findings showed that the placental tissue serotonin concentration was significantly lower (P<0.01) in group I (1181.38 ± 16.45 ng/ml) than group II (1357.28 ± 76.7 ng/ ml), III (1239.11 ± 77.34 ng/ml) and IV (1645.77 ± 21.44 ng/ml).

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INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS OF NUTRITION, PUTRESCINE AND MEDIA ON CORM, CORMEL PRODUCTION AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF TWO CULTIVARS GLADIOLUS UNDER SOILLESS CONDITION

Ali Jabbar, Ali Tahranifar, Mahmood Shour and Seyyed Hosein Nemati

Page No: 25-36

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Nutrition (Hoagland solution and calcium nitrate solution), putrescine (50 and 100 ppm) and coco peat: perlite medium with three ratios (v/v) (1:1, 3:1 and 1:3) on some corm, cormel parameters and some biochemical parameters of two cultivars of gladiolus (Strong and White) under soilless condition in 2016. Data indicated that most criteria of corm and cormel parameters expressed as number of corms (2.18), number of cormels (45.00), corm diameter (6.02 cm), fresh weight of corm (60.59 g), and biochemical parameters expressed as leaf soluble sugar (6.23 mg/g F.W), leaf phenols content (37.01 mg/ 100 g F.W) and flower ascorbic acid content(11.71 mg/100 g F.W) significantly increased by the application of Hoagland solution + putrescine 100 ppm, while days to corm sprouting decreased (7.46 day). In terms of media the same traits ((1.59), (33.33), (5.93 cm), (60.14 g), (4.58 mg/g F.W), (28.91 mg/100 g F.W) and (8.13 mg/100 g F.W) respectively) significantly increased by the coco peat: perlite medium with ratio (1:3), while days to corm sprouting decreased (7.90 day). In terms of cultivars also white cultivar was superior ((1.56), (32.33), (5.94 cm), (59.16 g), (4.87 mg/g F.W), (28.56 mg/100 g F.W) and (8.36 mg/100 g F.W) respectively), to strong cultivar, while days to corm sprouting decreased in white (7.09 days). Interaction between cultivars, media and treatments in term of number of cormels was significant and the highest number of cormels (48.00) obtained by white cultivar, coco peat: perlite medium with ratio (1:3) and application of Hoagland solution + putrescine 100 ppm.

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PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR FARMERS FOR EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF URINE AND DUNG OF DAIRY FARM ANIMALS

Manish Pandey

Page No: 37-41

Urine from healthy animal is considered as nature’s elixir for good health and dung of cow has been used by many researchers as feed for pig and fish. An experiment, during 25 August to 24 September of 2017, was made to study the acceptance of diluted urine treated straw and sun dried mix concentrate as feed on 15 cattle. The urine of animals in morning hours was collected in clean container and double quantity of drinking water was mixed to the collected urine (to reduce ammonical odor and natural taste of urine) also the freshly voided dung (only superficial devoid of soil and other floor impurities) was collected and spread in large thin plate and kept in sun to dry for 3 days. The urine and water solution was sprinkled to equal amount of straw (1 kg straw +1 kg urine water mixture) and kept for 2-3 hours before feeding. Also completely dried dung (3 days later) was mixed in cattle concentrate feed mixture in 1:5 (1 kg dried dung + 5 kg concentrate feed). The diluted urine treated straw offered to cattle at 11:00 am mixed with chaffed green fodder in ratio 1:5 (1 kg treated straw +5 kg chaffed green fodder) and concentrate and dried dung mixture (5:1) was offered at 5:00 pm daily for one month. Rectal temperature of all the animals was measured every morning and consistency of dung was also observed during morning hours. Urine treated straw and dung mixed concentrate was accepted by all three groups (heifers, lactating and dry) and no ill effect of inclusion of these livestock waste was observed on their rectal temperature and dung consistency.

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ANTIMICROBIAL PROFILE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS ISOLATES FROM BUFFEN, CHEVON, CHICKEN AND FISH MEAT

Shakuntala Birla, Kashikar Supriya Satish, Bhavana Gupta, Varsha Sharma, Bhawana Rani, Sujata Meravi, Vijiya Singh Thakur and R V Sing

Page No: 42-51

To observe the antimicrobial profile of Clostridium perfringens isolates in different meat samples against 16 antibiotics. A total of 200 meat samples (50 each of buffen, chevon, chicken and fish meat) collected from retail outlets in Jabalpur city. Antimicrobial profile for isolates ofC. perfringens was performed by disc diffusion method. Overall incidence of C. perfringens in meat sample was 23% with buffen-28%, fish meat-24% and chevon and chicken each-20%. Results revealed that most of the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin and ofloxacin, whereas maximum isolates were found to be resistant against amikacin and co-trimoxazole. The resistance to the antimicrobials is an alarming sign because these antibiotics are broad spectrum and are commonly used for treatment of the diseases caused by the pathogen. It is now a global problem and is continuously increasing due to injudicious and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in therapeutic management.

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DYSTOCIA CAUSED BY A DICEPHALUS MONSTER FETUS IN A BUFFALO—A CASE REPORT

Rabindra Kumar and Sudeep Solanki

Page No: 52-55

Dicephalus congenital abnormality is a kind of conjoined twins in which two heads share a single body. A successful delivery of a dicephalus monster buffalo fetus through manual correction (mutation) and forced traction applying obstetrical chain and rope was recorded.

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ANALYSIS OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE PATTERN OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN JEMA’A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

Manza E A G and Garba T K

Page No: 56-72

This paper seeks to analyze the income, and expenditure pattern of rural households in Jema’a Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The paper aims to compare the income of households’ primary farmers with those of secondary farmers, and examine the expenditure pattern among the rural households and analyze the factors influencing the consumption pattern of rural households. A total of 149 households were selected through multistage sampling procedure. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics involving frequencies, mean, standard deviation and percentages were used. In addition, t-test, ANOVA, Regression Analysis and Duncan range test were carried out. The result showed that of the 149 households studied, 74.5% had farming as primary occupation (i.e., primary farmers) while 25.5% had other occupations as primary occupation (i.e., secondary farmers). Comparing the income and expenditure of both groups showed that there was significant difference suggesting that the households spent more than their declared incomes. This could mean that other sources of income might have not been captured. Looking at the spending habit of the households, the results showed that at 5% probability, there was a significant difference between the expenditure in the different categories of food, social, education, house maintenance, transportation, farm, health and miscellaneous. The Duncan Range Multiple test showed that the highest expenditure was on food followed by education, transport, farm inputs, house maintenance, health, social and miscellaneous expenses. The differences in the expenditure on education, social, health and farm were significant at 1% probability. We conclude that farming isprofitable since the income from farming and the income from other jobs was significant at 5% probability. We recommend that finding markets for agricultural products in other States of Nigeria, the West African region and other parts of the world would further enhance farm incomes and improve on living standards of rural households in Jema’a LGA of Kaduna State, Nigeria.

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MOLECULAR DETECTION AND PATHOGENICITY OF FOWL ADENOVIRUS ISOLATED FROM DISEASE OUTBREAK IN COMMERCIAL LAYER FARM

Norfitriah M S, Hair-Bejo M, Omar A R, Aini I and Nurulfiza M I

Page No: 73-84

Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is an agent of inclusion body hepatitis. The disease causes high economic losses in poultry industry. It was objectives of the study to detect FAdV from disease outbreak in a farm and determine pathogenicity of the virus. Liver samples from the affected chickens was processed and inoculated into Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Chicken Embryonated Eggs (CEE) and subsequently amplified for FAdV detection using modified hexon gene primer, HexonA1/HexonB1 through polymerase chain reaction. The pathogenicity of the virus (UPM1137) was determined in forty 9-day-old SPF CEE. The eggs were divided into groups A and B. The eggs in group A were inoculated with 0.1 mL of the FAdV inoculum via chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and candled twice daily for mortality, whilst the group B remained uninoculated. Three eggs each from sacrifice groups (A1 and B1) were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 11 post inoculation (pi), whilst five eggs each from groups A2 and B2 were remained unsacrificed (Mortality group). The UPM1137 is identified as FAdV with fragment size, 897 base pairs. The CAM in group A1 was thickened at day 3pi followed by cloudy membrane at days 6, 9 and 11 pi. Marked swollen, necrosis and petechial haemorrhages in liver was observed started from day 6 pi along with Hydropericardium Syndrome at days 9 and 11 pi. Mortality of 100% was recorded. Numerous basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in CAM and liver were detected at day 9 and 11 pi. The FAdV (UPM1137) is highly pathogenic in SPF CEE.

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PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT, RWANDA

Jean de Dieu Rukundo, Charles Karuku Gachuiri and Margaret Mary Wanyoike

Page No: 85-97

To document the productive and reproductive performance of cows owned by beneficiaries of “One cow program” and to compare the same with those owned by non-beneficiaries, data was collected in Gicumbi District, Northern Rwanda. A total of 400 farmers (300 beneficiaries and 100 non-beneficiaries) were randomly selected and interviewed through a structured questionnaire. The information collected included daily milk yields, lactation length, age at first calving, calving interval, conception rate, types of feeds and feeding and the data analysed through SPSS Software. Results showed that the mean daily milk yield per cow and lactation length were 5.8±2.89 and 7.7±3.02 litres and 9.4±1.9 and 10.3±1.6 months for the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively. The mean age at first calving were 31.6±3.9 and 30.7±3.2 months while the mean calving interval was 18.3±4.5 and 14.3±2.7 months for cows belonging to beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively. Conception rates of cows for first and second services were 57.3 and 76.4% for beneficiaries and 58.6 and 85.9% for non-beneficiaries. Napier grass and crop by products were the preferred cattle feeds by 72% of beneficiaries and 57% non-beneficiaries. Supplementation with concentrate feeds was practiced by 12.7% of beneficiaries and 30% of non-beneficiaries. It was concluded that the productive performance of cows given to beneficiaries was low compared with those of non-beneficiaries within the same locality and this was attributed to poor quality of feeds used by beneficiaries and high cost of supplements. The poor reproductive performance was attributed to inferior feeding and lower knowledge on fertility management by beneficiaries.

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NUTRITIVE VALUE OF HYDROPONIC YELLOW MAIZE FODDER AND CONVENTIONAL GREEN FODDERS—A COMPARISON

Rachel Jemimah E, P Tensingh Gnanaraj, T Muthuramalingam, T Devi and C Vennila

Page No: 98-101

The study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of hydroponic maize fodder and compare it with nutritive value of conventional fodders like CO4 grass and yellow maize fodder. Hydroponic maize fodder was grown using hydroponic machine for a period of 8 days. The nutritive value of CO4 grass and conventional yellow maize fodder were also assessed after 45 days and 60 days of growth period respectively. Hydroponic yellow maize fodder has significantly higher moisture (76.75%), CP (10.55%), EE (4.62%) and NFE (77.52%) content than land grown yellow maize fodder and significantly lower CF (5.51%) and TA (1.80%) than CO4 grass and land grown yellow maize fodder.

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BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MASTITIS IN GOAT

G Sudheer Babu, T Divya1 and K Raja

Page No: 102-104

Mastitis suspected ewes were brought to the veterinary dispensary; milk samples were collected and examined for the bacteriological load. The pathogenic bacteria isolated were found to be Staphylococus sps (75%), E.coli (33.3%), Bacillus (8.23%) and Pseudomonas (8.23%) respectively. The mono bacterial infection with Staphylococcus is predominant over the mixed infection with E.coli, Bacillus and Pseudomonas.

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EFFECT OF HYDROPONIC MAIZE FODDER WITH REPLACEMENT OF CO4 GRASS ON MILK PRODUCTION IN CROSSBRED DAIRY CATTLE

Rachel Jemimah E, P Tensingh Gnanaraj, T Muthuramalingam, T Devi and A Bharathidasan

Page No: 105-111

This experiment was aimed to study the effect of hydroponic maize fodder with replacement of CO4 grass (50%, 100%) on milk production in cross bred dairy cattle. Palatability trial for a period of 7 days was carried out to assess the acceptance and intake of hydroponic maize fodder by the cattle. The maximum intake of hydroponic yellow maize fodder was found to be 15+0.42 kg per animal. Based on the palatability trial and proximate analysis of hydroponic maize fodder, a feeding trial was formulated on as fed basis. 12 cross bred cattle at 2nd stage of 4th lactation were divided into 3 groups’, viz., treatment 1 (control), treatment 2 (50% replacement of CO4 grass) and treatment 3 (100% replacement of CO4 grass). Duration of the study was 30 days. Production parameters such as milk yield and quality (fat, SNF and protein) before and during trial were studied. After analysis of collected data it was found that all the three groups are not significantly different in terms of milk yield before and during the trial. Economics of feeding was also analyzed for all the three groups. The feed cost per kg of milk production was lower in 100% replacement of CO4 grass group (Rs. 14.6+0.51) than other groups as there is a non significant increase in milk yield was noticed in this group than the CO4 grass fed group. The income through sale of milk/animal and net profit per animal was significantly higher in 100% replacement of CO4 grass group (Rs. 493.6+0.46, Rs. 313.0+0.28) than the other groups.

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SURGICAL PROCEDURE OF FOREIGN BODY FROM OESOPHAGUS OF ASIAN OPENBILL STORK (Anastomus oscitans): A CASE REPORT

Das Babita, Jawre Shobha, Shahi Apra, Singh Randhir and Nidhi Rajput

Page No: 112-116

An Asian openbill stork (Anastomus oscitans) had been referred to TVCC with history of uneasiness and making abnormal cackle. Apparent observation revealed extended neck and difficulty in swallowing. Radiography revealed presence of thin curved radio opaque object resembling fish hook in cervical region of oesophagus. Since manual removal was not possible, it was surgically removed under general anaesthesia. The bird showed uneventful recovery and was released to its natural habitat after three days convalescence. The skin sutures were allowed to remain in situ.

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