Review Paper:
The Koshi Agreement:
A successful Model of Transboundary Water Governance and Climate Resilience in South
Asia
Gade Rajkumar, Kuchu Jayasree and Mohammed Irshad S.
Disaster Advances; Vol. 18(4); 64-71;
doi: https://doi.org/10.25303/184da064071; (2025)
Abstract
Climate change is a critical factor affecting transboundary water management in
South Asia, requiring robust agreements like the Koshi Agreement between India and
Nepal. Signed in 1954 and amended in 1966, it serves as an initial model for regulating
shared water resources. The agreement promotes equitable sharing of the Koshi River
basin’s water, flood control measures and disaster risk management. Key provisions
include forming the Koshi River Commission, frequent official meetings and sharing
data to confirm balanced usage and mutual cooperation. It addresses the vulnerability
of Koshi basin communities to floods and landslides through early warning systems,
infrastructure and community preparedness interventions.
The Koshi agreement has strengthened climate resilience by integrating renewable
energy and hydropower projects, nurturing sustainable development and economic growth.
These projects have diversified energy portfolios while maximizing disaster preparedness
and minimizing impacts. Achievements include improved water quality and flood control
with challenges such as sedimentation and equitable benefit sharing. The agreement
highlights the potential of adaptive management and innovative frameworks for sustainable
water resource management. Future research should prioritize developing institutional
arrangements, engaging stakeholders effectively and incorporating climate change
considerations to enhance regional cooperation and resilience.
