China: The Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium and Innovation
Led-Growth
Geib Peter and Swenson James
The concept of punctuated equilibrium was a radical idea
first proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge9 in 1972. Today it is widely
recognized as a useful model for examining evolutionary change and has emerged as
a prominent theoretical framework for explaining major changes in business and economic
activity.
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Influence of spectator motivation and team identification
on team loyalty and switching intentions of sports fans
Lin Yun-Tsan
Fans are the significant foundation of the spectator
sports industry. Loyal fans ensure stable market income and stimulate the economic
benefits of peripheral sports goods. Thus, obtaining loyal fans is crucial to the
sustainable operations of a team in the spectator sports industry. This study examined
the influence of spectator motivation and team identification on the team loyalty
and switching intention of sports fans using a 2×2 experimental design. The results
revealed that team identification exerts significant main effects on loyalty and
switching intention, but spectator motivation does not have significant main effects
on loyalty and switching intention. Furthermore, significant interaction effects
exist between spectator motivation and team identification with regard to team loyalty
and switching intention. Among fans with self-esteem spectator motivation, those
with high team identification are considerably more loyal than those with low team
identification. However, among fans with entertainment spectator motivation, team
identification does not have a significant impact on loyalty. With regard to switching
intention, among fans with self-esteem spectator motivation, those with low team
identification have significantly greater switching intention than those with high
team identification. Also, among fans with entertainment spectator motivation, those
with low team identification also have significantly greater switching intention
than those with high team identification.
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