Review Paper:
Sepsis: One of
Medicine's Most Elusive Syndrome – A Systematic Review and Current Therapeutic Management
Kumar Aman and Kosey Sourabh
Res. J. Biotech.; Vol. 20(4); 196-209;
doi: https://doi.org/10.25303/204rjbt1960209; (2025)
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex condition and can be defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction
caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to tissue hypoperfusion
and organ failure culminating in death. In fact, since the early development of
medicine, sepsis continues to represent a major health issue globally, with a mortality
rate not less than 20% and rising prevalence. This review will discuss the most
recent technologies and strategies in diagnosing and managing sepsis: Infection
Control, Host Response Modulation and Hemodynamic Management. It discusses EGDT,
Machine Learning (ML), Nanotechnology, HMGB1-targeted therapy, the role of sedatives,
catheters, tubes, nutrition, glucose management and oxygen therapy. The pathophysiology
of sepsis involves the complex interplay of immune activation and subsequent endothelial
dysfunction, complement system activation, coagulation abnormalities and disturbances
of metabolism, all contributing to widespread tissue damage and organ failure, if
not treated.
This review also talks about diagnostic tools and biomarkers for the diagnosis of
sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic techniques
such as biosensors and bioreceptors, are very significant in identifying biological
or chemical reactions in a patient suffering from sepsis, while in the management,
antibiotics (within one hour) should be administered in all cases. Fluid resuscitation
is also needed because fluid loss is very common in sepsis and often vasopressors
are needed to maintain adequate perfusion pressure.
