Comprehensive
Genomic and Immunological Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus: Insights from Molecular
and Bioinformatics Analyses
Govardhan T., Vijay Kumar P., Adiga Usha, Vasishta Sampara and Amulya T.
Res. J. Biotech.; Vol. 21(2); 117-125;
doi: https://doi.org/10.25303/212rjbt1170125; (2026)
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health concern, leading to
chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the
availability of vaccines and antiviral therapies, HBV remains a challenge due to
its genetic diversity, immune evasion strategies and antiviral resistance. This
study analyzes HBV genomic characteristics, host interactions and resistance mechanisms
to improve disease management and therapeutic interventions. Data from genome-wide
association studies (GWAS), transcriptomic analyses and immune profiling were analyzed
to assess genetic variations, antigenic diversity, immune modulation and drug resistance
in HBV infection. The role of key immune signaling pathways and viral-host interactions
in chronic infection and treatment outcomes was also explored.
HBV genotype variations influence disease severity, immune response and treatment
efficacy. Genotype C is associated with severe liver disease and a higher risk of
HCC, whereas genotype B has a better prognosis with earlier HBeAg seroconversion.
The HLA-DPB1 gene plays a critical role in antigen presentation impacting immune
response and viral persistence. Dysregulated pathways such as PD-1 signaling, interferon
response and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling contribute to immune evasion. Additionally,
drug resistance mutations in the polymerase gene, including YMDD (rtM204V/I) and
A181T/V, affect the efficacy of antiviral treatments. The persistence of HBV quasispecies
and recombination events further complicates disease management. HBV genetic diversity
and immune escape mechanisms contribute to chronic infection and antiviral resistance.
